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Monday, November 21, 2011

Some Problems of UPS batteries

1 Introduction
 Currently UPS has been widely used in various economic fields, in communications, commerce, finance, medical, petrochemical, industrial automation and other fields play an important role, not only to protect the load carried by UPS itself, but more importantly to protect the load produced by the products, such as computer data. Jvc Bn-v408 Battery in the UPS as an important part of the machine for standard time, usually about the total cost of the UPS power supply 1 / 4, UPS power for a long time, the battery could cost more than the cost of the host UPS power. As the battery itself or the SONY DCR-PC5E Battery management reasons, there are many UPS power failure was caused by the battery (1 / 3). It is necessary to strengthen the understanding of the characteristics of the battery, matching and use the correct battery, extended Acer Aspire 3680 Battery life as much as possible. At the same time how to manage the UPS battery as manufacturers focus on various issues.
 2 characteristics of the battery
 2.1 The working principle of lead-acid batteries
 Most of the UPS battery used lead-acid batteries (the same below), the Acer Aspire 6935g Battery is a chemical energy and electrical energy into each device, the battery must first use the DC power supply to its charge, the electrical energy into chemical energy stored, the activity of the anode battery material is lead dioxide (PbO2) cathode active material is of lead (Pb), the electrolyte is dilute sulfuric acid (H2SO4). the chemical reaction

Battery is a single "primary cells", each of the original TOSHIBA ADP-65DB Laptop AC Adapter battery voltage is about 2V, a 12V battery consists of six original battery.
2.2 Maintenance
Sealed maintenance-free lead-acid batteries, lead-acid battery with exposure to all the benefits of the so-called maintenance-free batteries require relatively frequent exposure in terms of water. The battery is completely closed (redox batteries are in the closed shell internal loops), so the SAMSUNG SSB-X10LS3/C Battery is not maintenance-free "harmful gases" overflow. No need to add water daily operation and maintenance. Can be installed in the computer room, duty room for no one's hand.
2.3 Battery capacity and discharge rate relationship
Battery capacity is its storage capacity. It is enough the power of the Sony Cyber-Shot Dsc-w300 Battery discharge voltage to the required termination of electricity. Standard YD/T799-2002 provides 2V, 6V, 12V sealed battery's rated capacity are standard temperature (25 ℃) 10 hour rate ratio (I = 0.1C10A) capacity. The standard clearly states 6V, 12V battery capacity to 10h discharge rate of the benchmark. But the old industry practice and is currently the vast majority of manufacturers are: for 2V battery, is 10 hours discharge rate (I = 0.1C10A) to define the capacity, for 6V and 12V batteries, places 20 hours discharge rate (I = 0.05 C20A) capacity.
The relationship between discharge rate and capacity: the capacity of the Panasonic Cga-du14 camcorder Battery release increases with the discharge current is reduced. High plate surface of the discharge process is effective substances mandatory changes, the resulting lead sulfate is easy to plug the holes in the plates, the effective depth of material on the plate did not participate in chemical reactions. This increases the internal resistance of the battery, the voltage drop soon, so the Acer Aspire 3680 Battery can not release all of the capacity.
10h discharge rate of release capacity of 100%, 20h discharge rate of release of 105% capacity, while the rate of release 3h discharge capacity of 75%, 1h release capacity discharge rate of 52%. The relationship between discharge current and the capacity determined by the following formula:
Q = Q0 (I/I0) n-1
Where Q - I discharge current capacity (Ah)
Q0 - 10h discharge rate of the rated capacity (Ah)
I0 - 10h discharge rate of the nominal discharge current (A)
I - Non-10h discharge rate of discharge current (A)
n - the er Aspire 6935g Battery discharge capacity index, the value I/I0 <3 n = 1.313; I/I0 ≥ 3, n = 1.414
10h discharge rate above the mean to define the capacity of the battery discharge rate than 20h define the capacity of the battery's capacity is greater number. In the other conditions under the same conditions, the former cost higher.
2.4 The relationship between temperature and capacity
In general, capacity and temperature have the following relationship:
C25 --- 25 ℃ when the battery discharge capacity (Ah)
Ct --- t ℃ when the battery discharge capacity (Ah)
t --- electrolyte average temperature (℃)
Adapt to the type of electrolyte temperature of -15 ℃ ~ 35 ℃. If the temperature is lower than, the capacity reduction is more significant, when the temperature exceeds 35 ℃, the capacity has decreased.
Especially for outdoor UPS with TOSHIBA ADP-65DB Laptop AC Adapter batteries, if you need the fullest possible use of battery capacity, the need to improve the battery case temperature.
2.5 electrolyte concentration and volume number and the relationship between
Appropriate increase in the number and improve the electrolyte, electrolyte concentration, can increase the Sony Cyber-Shot Dsc-w300 Battery capacity, but must be within the allowable range, otherwise it will accelerate the corrosion of the plate, shorten battery life.
2.6 The relationship between plate size and capacity
For a certain thickness of the plate, the larger the area, to participate in substance, the more effective response, the greater the capacity of the battery.
2.7 due to the relationship between charging and capacity
Several times due to charged, deep plates of lead sulfate can not be restored, will be cured negative plates, the plate material to reduce the battery capacity to effectively reduce, so the Panasonic Cga-du14 Battery state of charge can not be due to a long period. For the configuration time-lapse UPS battery capacity larger more frequent power outages, especially in places, the capacity of the charger must be sufficient.
2.8 Discharge rate and termination of the relationship between voltage
Battery discharge voltage can not be less than the termination voltage, otherwise it will damage the battery life. Termination of the discharge current and voltage relationship as follows:

2.9 Float and Equalize
As the electrolyte and the electrode in the presence of impurities, such impurities will form the plates of partial discharge, partial discharge of this phenomenon is the "self-discharge", self-discharge with aggravated SONY CLIE PEG-T650C PDA battery aging. Floating charge is to a fully charged battery pack and charger at the same time and connected to the DC bus, to supplement the battery self-discharge, in general, keep the battery fully charged state. Float charge voltage of each manufacturer is slightly different, so in the 2.15 ± 0.05, float current can be
I = 0.0009Q0
Where I is the current value of the required float (A), Q0 is the rated battery capacity (Ah). The current value is used to supplement the loss of self-discharge, if the battery is not full, the current need to increase.
To float charge the battery to run, because the SONY ERICSSON BST-27 PDA battery pack caused by the unbalanced nature of each cell of each battery self-discharge is not the same, while the battery float current is the same, the results will be part of the battery is less state of charge.
For each battery cell in a healthy state after a certain time to charge the battery once were. Balanced charging process is to make the battery capacity of the recovery process. Balanced charging voltage is generally maintained at 2.35V.
For most small and medium capacity UPS, using the first value after limiting the charging voltage, current limit is based on the charger itself and the FUJIFILM NP-120 Charger battery capacity, the charger does not exceed the maximum output current capability and 0.25 C10 A charge current. The pressure limiting values ​​are generally in the float charge voltage value and a value between, this show with some battery manufacturers do not have to say the same charge.
Both long-term charge (charging voltage) is likely to cause the battery charge, battery heating drum kits easy to make, thus shortening the battery life. Float will only charge the battery due to the uneven charge, resulting in individual cells behind.
The Samsung bp70a Battery has a different optimum float voltage (a certain temperature), there is a certain charge and better all the time. Charging time depends on the amount of discharge, charge current and temperature.
2.10 Battery Life vs. Depth of discharge
Battery life and battery depth of discharge is closely related to the nominal life of 3 to 5 years sealed battery, its relationship as follows:


Therefore, in order to extend battery life, non-compelling, do not let the ACER EXTENSA 610CDT Adapter battery in deep discharge state, the general UPS manufacturers design, when the UPS is under full load or half load automatically shut down the battery discharge to the 50% depth of discharge (standard machine shallow depth, the depth of the deep lead plane), if the UPS power supply in excess light load (discharge current is less than 0.05 C20 A) discharge power to the UPS automatic shutdown, the battery is deeply discharged prematurely because of damage. UPS manufacturers recommended configuration is not too light load one of the reasons. Of course, the high-end UPS in addition to the lead plane and standard machines have different termination voltages, as well as to determine the size of the load-off voltage. Effectively extend Camcorder Battery SONY MVC-5000 life.
In addition to the UPS AC input voltage range broadened, can effectively reduce the number of battery discharge,
3 UPS power supply in battery capacity configurations
3.1UPS the battery voltage is set
In general, UPS's nominal battery voltage (12V battery or the number) no standard, is the manufacturer according to the circuit topology requires the use of the chassis structure, power rating, the cost needs to design.
Back-square wave output of the UPS, generally use 12V or 24V QTEK 8020 PDA battery, through the push-pull and step-up transformer to get 220V AC square wave. General power in the 1kVA below. Generally use the online interactive 24V or 48V battery.
Into one of the traditional single-line, generally 16 * 12V = 192V, charging voltage of 216V or so, because the threshold voltage and low voltage AC rectified fairly (75% * 220 * 1.414 * 0.9 = 210V). To 3 ~ 15kVA single-entry single out machines mostly.
For three out of the tradition into a single circuit, usually the first use of autotransformer (or isolation transformer) blood pressure, also applies to 16 * 12V = 192V or 32 384V.
The three-three machines, the more the battery voltage level, there are 348V, 360V, 576V, 720V.
For low-power high-frequency machines, 1kVA 36V battery voltage to the majority, there are 24V or 48V, 2kVA usually 72V, also 2kVA and 3kVA for Sony Cyber-Shot Dsc-w310 Battery compatibility, have adopted the 96V. Principle is the use of N-7AH battery to meet the standard machine time (5-10 minutes) required to achieve the best price.
3.2 UPS battery capacity configurations in the calculation

We know that the actual battery capacity can be used with the discharge current, ambient temperature, such as the old and new FUJIFILM FinePix Z35 Charger batteries. To accurately calculate the volume is very difficult to do.
Assuming constant power discharge process for the discharge, (UPS output power unchanged, despite the inverter efficiency is changing, but in order to facilitate the calculation, is negligible), the initial discharge, the battery voltage is high, the discharge current is small, then the efficiency of inverter also high. In contrast, in the discharge will be terminated, low battery voltage, discharge current. That is, the discharge current is in the process of change, and from the battery discharge curve look different discharge current, the Acer Aspire 6930g-bc32 Battery terminal voltage is different, engineering design formula is:
 P is the nominal UPS output power (VA), cosф user load power factor, generally taken to be 0.7. η is the efficiency of the UPS inverter, N is the cell number, E is the battery discharge voltage (V), can be set to 12V (the beginning of discharge voltage higher than 12V, the discharge terminated voltage less than 12V, but the whole discharge process 12V or so to support the longest).
In the current-, according to user needs the support of time, I * t = Ah, we can get the required number of hours of security, and then under the discharge curve or characteristic table the amendment.
Taking into account the actual use of the vast majority of users rated load is generally 50 to 80%, so a lot of UPS agents in accordance with generally 80% or even 60%. So there are two calculations, first calculated by UPS rated output capacity, and second, the power required to calculation of the actual load.
Here for a 10KVA 192V or 240V battery voltage of the UPS are required 1h \ 3h \ 10h \ 24h of  Fujifilm Np-40 Battery capacity is calculated:
Discharge current:
(This article is transferred from electrical engineering world:
If calculated at 100% load, the battery discharge current of 42 (A)
If you need support for 10 hours, then 100% of capacity available, directly obtained 10h * 42A = 420Ah
Support for 24 hours, then the available capacity of approximately 105%, was 24h * 42A/105% = 960Ah
Support for 3 hours, about 75% of available capacity, was 3h * 42A/75% = 168Ah
Support for 1 hour, then about 52% of available capacity, was 1h * 42A/52% = 80Ah
If the calculated load by 80%, then 42 * 80% = 33.6 (A)
If you need support for 10 hours, then 100% of capacity available, directly obtained 10h * 33.6A = 336Ah
Support for 24 hours, the discharge current of 1 / 24 C10A = 0.042 C10A, look-up table to know about 105% capacity is available, get 24h * 33.6A/105% = 768Ah
Support for 3 hours, about 75% of available capacity, was 3h * 33.6A/75% = 135Ah
Support for 1 hour, then about 52% of available capacity, was 1h * 33.6A/52% = 64Ah
If the Acer Aspire 7735z Battery voltage is 240VDC, calculated at 100% load, the battery voltage is high, the corresponding inverter, more efficient,
(This article is transferred from electrical engineering world:
The battery discharge current of 32.4 (A), then the capacity of a single battery cell can be reduced but the serial number increased.
Customers and sales engineers may be based on actual needs, cost, the decision is to configure the 80% or 100% of battery capacity configuration. In the case of funds allow, the configuration can also choose higher than the calculated value, but should not exceed too much, otherwise the IBM ThinkPad T60 1951 Adapter battery discharge is in a low current discharge, life will be shortened.
4 UPS battery management in
The role of the UPS is using battery power when the battery can play a continuous role, but need to use the battery life as long as possible. Battery management and improve the reliability of the various UPS manufacturers to compete to become one of the key.
4.1 Battery Charge Management
(1) the basic limiting pressure limiting control
Charging current can not too large nor too small. Normal charging current is small, the CANON NB-2LH battery positive and negative precipitation precipitation of H2 and O2, is almost entirely complex into H2O, if the charging current is too large, too late to all of the gas compound, causing the battery internal pressure increases, causing the exhaust valve opens, causing the battery dehydration, it is necessary to limit the charge current, generally no more than 0.25C (A) is more appropriate. Because the battery is charging, the battery internal resistance to change, so the value of a constant current charge will be satisfied with the results.
When the charge current is reduced, the voltage slowly increased OLYMPUS MJU 300 Charger battery capacity gradually increased, the voltage will be maintained at a constant value remains unchanged. Since then a small current to maintain the battery float.
(2) to carry out all float conversion
First, the limiting pressure limiting charge, but the "limited pressure" is a balanced charging voltage, relatively high. Are charged a certain time, then automatically converted to a lower float voltage.
In several cases, the floating charge to start the cycle are:
AC input power failure the UPS after the call;
Manual boot;
Battery self-test is completed;
After a long float.
(3) charging phases
Long-term float will cause the HP Pavilion dv9700 Adapter battery plate active aging, the battery internal resistance increases, so that in addition to supplementary charge into the energy consumption of the battery self-discharge, the majority of the power into heat resistance. Phased charge to overcome the problem:
Charging scheme in phases: the first stage is the limiting stage of charge balance, are charged to the battery capacity of approximately 90% (for about 5 hours to 48 hours appropriate); second stage is the space stage, then stop charging a short period of time (minutes to hours), so that the first stage of precipitation of H2 and O2 in the full compound precipitation; third stage is the float stage, this stage of the floating charge the Ibm Thinkpad a22 Battery, a battery to the capacity of close to 100% (about one week ); The fourth stage is the sleep stage, this stage is not to charge the battery using the battery of its own leakage current discharge, until the minimum voltage (20 - 30 days). According to test the charging method can improve battery life 40%.
(4) temperature compensation
Ambient temperature changes, the float voltage must be corrected, correction factor of 18mV / ℃ (nominal 12V battery). For simplicity, you can correct classification, such as:

Battery aside, the temperature is too high, the battery self-discharge increased. Canon Digital Ixus 400 Battery conditions recommended 20 ℃ - 25 ℃, the temperature is too low, the battery discharge capacity reduced charge acceptance decline. Temperature is too high, reflecting increased, leading to dehydration, increased plate corrosion. Battery charging voltage to change by the temperature compensation, high temperature, charging voltage lower, the battery in the best floating state.
However, when the ambient temperature rises, the battery life is still inherent be shortened. Practice shows that, even if equipped with a temperature compensation inherent to this cell aging and no Huitianzhili.
Strictly speaking, to ensure the best Olympus D-370 Battery service program is to control the ambient temperature 20 ℃ - 25 ℃, control and discharge, depth of discharge, discharge and charge current and charge and discharge cycle time. Almost no one can meet the conditions required by the battery manufacturers, battery manufacturers to give so life expectancy is very difficult.
According to the environmental temperature to regulate the level of charging voltage. On the battery life has improved, but the best OLYMPUS LI-10B Charger battery temperature compensation is to improve the environmental temperature, so as to reach 20 ℃ - 25 ℃
4.2 The estimated remaining battery capacity
Dynamic calculation of battery capacity, battery current is calculated by integrating of time, which reflects the charge into the battery capacity or the number of release, while sometimes necessary overview of the battery "quality level", hence the need for capacity is expected to The user can start capacity is expected to predict capacity.
The basic approach is to estimate the capacity: to get a good standard of 0.05C10 A battery discharge voltage curve, the battery discharge current to 0.05C10A, periodically compare the release of the discharge voltage and capacity of such a standard Dell Inspiron 1764 Laptop AC Adapter battery 0.05C10A discharge to 12.5V with 200 minutes, while the measured discharge to 12.5V battery 0.05C10A only 150 minutes, the battery's rated capacity of the standing capacity of 150/200 * 100% = 75%.
Need is not so true in many cases only after the battery power to support long, because if the battery capacity is not enough when it was found too late. I hope can be a battery capacity can be estimated. When the UPS power or run a certain time or on-line manual can test the battery. The test load, especially with an important line after the test is to take some risks. Recommended battery supports only a very short time, it is best to load the energy required by the electric and battery-sharing, which can prevent insufficient Panasonic Nv-gs27 Battery capacity of the UPS output disruptions caught off guard.
But many UPS battery capacity estimate is based on the estimated percentage of the direct voltage. In any case, the capacity estimate is only "estimate", generally achieve 10% accuracy is quite good.
4.3 Battery discharge management
(1) different loads have different termination voltages
Battery capacity is not added in time, making long-term negative plate nuclei, plate sulfation, the battery is difficult to restore. It is necessary to prevent Olympus Stylus U-410 Digital Battery discharge. Generally have under-voltage alarm, low voltage shutdown feature. According to battery capacity and load size to set the discharge voltage, both to ensure release of sufficient capacity to achieve full use of the battery capacity, without causing damage to the battery. For time-lapse machine or a small load, the discharge current is relatively small battery capacity, battery protection point should be set so high
(2) Under the second power function
UPS is in Jvc Bn-v607 Battery under certain preconditions, then the discharge time is long small load, large load-discharge time is short. Some of the UPS load and sometimes more important, the need to support a longer period of time, such as when the UPS with a mobile base stations, base station equipment, transmission equipment is more important than that, because the former not only affect the base station, and will affect the higher the lower the base station signal transmission, Therefore, after the power cut, hoping to support a longer time. So when the battery power to support a certain time after the first removal of a relatively unimportant load power, when the Acer Aspire 5235 Battery voltage reaches the termination voltage, and then shut down the power supply cut off critical loads.

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source from blog: http://buy-laptop-battery-buylaptopbattery.blogspot.com/

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